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所属分类:Linux基础
一、系统安装操作步骤
准备工作
1.1 选择安装语言:
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image.png)
1.2 安装界面选择第一项进行系统安装
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-1.png)
1.3 选择安装过程中使用的语言,也是系统安装完后使用的默认语言
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-2.png)
1.4 选择地区,这里先选择最后一项other,然后回车再选择Asia,最后选择China
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-3.png)
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-4.png)
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-5.png)
1.5 选择语言环境
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-6.png)
1.6 键盘布局检查,选择NO
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-7.png)
1.7 选择美式键盘
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-8.png)
1.8 确认使用美式键盘
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-9.png)
1.9 配置主机名
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-10.png)
1.10 创建一个普通用户和为其设置密码
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-11.png)
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-12.png)
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-13.png)
1.11 确认时区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-14.png)
1.12 选择磁盘分区的方法,这里选手动分区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-15.png)
1.13 选择磁盘
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-16.png)
1.14 确认对磁盘分区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-17.png)
1.15 对磁盘进行分区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-18.png)
1.16 创建新分区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-19.png)
1.17 指定分区大小,这里将磁盘的全部大小划分给该分区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-20.png)
1.18 选择分区类型,这里选主分区
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-21.png)
1.19 分区完成
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-22.png)
1.20 完成分区并写入数据
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-23.png)
1.21 确认写入磁盘
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-24.png)
1.22 是否使用代理,不填
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-25.png)
1.23 是否自动更新,这里选择默认,不自动更新
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-26.png)
1.24 选择安装组件,选择对应需要安装的组件,然后按空格键,通常选择OpenSSH Server 方便远程连接,如果忘记选也可以进系统在线安装
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-27.png)
1.25 将GRUB引导加载程序安装到主引导记录
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-28.png)
1.26 完成安装,确认重启服务器
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-29.png)
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-30.png)
1.27 登录系统
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-31.png)
![Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装(详细版)](https://oss-wp-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2020/08/image-32.png)
二、 系统基础配置
2.1 更改主机名
# cat /etc/hostname hechunping
2.2 更改网卡名称为eth*
# sed -i '/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=/s/"$/net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"/' /etc/default/grub # update-grub Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic done # reboot # sed -i 's/ens33/eth0/' /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
2.3 配置root远程登录
# 默认情况下,ubuntu不允许root⽤⼾远程ssh,如果有实际场景需要允许root⽤⼾远程ssh,则需要设置root密码,并且编辑/etc/ssh/sshd_config⽂件修改如下: ~$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config 32 #PermitRootLogin prohibit-password #默认为禁⽌登录 33 PermitRootLogin yes #改为允许登录 57 #PasswordAuthentication yes 58 PasswordAuthentication yes #打开密码认证,其实默认就是允许通过密码认证登录 ~$ sudo su - root #切换到root⽤⼾环境 ~# passwd #设置密码 Enter new UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: password updated successfully ~# systemctl restart sshd #重启ssh服务并测试root⽤⼾远程ssh连接
2.4 网络配置
官方文档:https://netplan.io/ Ubuntu 从 17.10 开始,已放弃在 /etc/network/interfaces ⾥固定IP的配置,⽽是改成 netplan ⽅式,配置⽂件是:/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 单网卡静态IP地址配置详细见https://mefj.com.cn/lur1220.html # ubuntu 17.04及之前的静态IP配置⽅式: ~# cat /etc/network/interfaces root@hechunping:~# cat /etc/network/interfaces # interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8) auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 #⽹卡⾃启动,写⾃⼰要配置IP的实际⽹卡名称 iface eth0 inet static #配置静态IP,写⾃⼰要配置IP的实际⽹卡名称 address 172.18.3.12 #IP地址 netmask 255.255.0.0 #掩码 gateway 172.18.0.1 #⽹关 dns-nameservers 223.6.6.6 #DNS dns-nameservers 223.5.5.5 #重启⽹络服务 ~# /etc/init.d/networking restart ~# systemctl restart networking.service
2.4.1 配置多网卡静态IP
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6] eth1: dhcp4: no addresses: [192.168.7.34/24] routes: - to: 172.20.0.0/16 via: 192.168.7.2 # netplan apply
2.4.2 单网卡桥接
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no bridges: br0: dhcp4: no addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6] interfaces: - eth0 # netplan apply
2.4.3 多网卡桥接
将br0和br1分别桥接到eth0和eth1。 # cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no eth1: dhcp4: no bridges: br0: dhcp4: no addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6] interfaces: - eth0 br1: dhcp4: no addresses: [192.168.7.34/24] routes: - to: 172.20.0.0/16 via: 192.168.7.2 interfaces: - eth1 root@hechunping:~# netplan apply
2.4.4 双网卡绑定
需要提前安装好bridge命令,两块网卡使用同一种网络模式 # cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no eth1: dhcp4: no bonds: bond0: interfaces: - eth0 - eth1 addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] parameters: mode: active-backup mii-monitor-interval: 100 # poweroff # netplan apply
2.4.5 双网卡绑定+桥接
⽹卡绑定⽤于提供⽹卡接⼝冗余以及⾼可⽤和端⼝聚合功能,桥接⽹卡再给需要桥接设备的服务使⽤。 # cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no eth1: dhcp4: no bonds: bond0: interfaces: - eth0 - eth1 parameters: mode: active-backup mii-monitor-interval: 100 bridges: br0: dhcp4: no addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] interfaces: - bond0 # netplan apply
2.4.6 内外多网卡绑定
多⽹络情况下实现⽹卡绑定。这里使用桥接(eth0,eth1)和NAT(eth2,eth3)两种网络模式 # cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no eth1: dhcp4: no eth2: dhcp4: no eth3: dhcp4: no bonds: bond0: interfaces: - eth0 - eth1 addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] parameters: mode: active-backup mii-monitor-interval: 100 bond1: interfaces: - eth2 - eth3 addresses: [192.168.7.34/24] parameters: mode: active-backup mii-monitor-interval: 100 routes: - to: 172.20.0.0/16 via: 192.168.7.2 # netplan apply
2.4.7 内外多网卡绑定+桥接
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # For more information, see netplan(5). network: version: 2 renderer: networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: no eth1: dhcp4: no eth2: dhcp4: no eth3: dhcp4: no bonds: bond0: interfaces: - eth0 - eth1 parameters: mode: active-backup mii-monitor-interval: 100 bond1: interfaces: - eth2 - eth3 parameters: mode: active-backup mii-monitor-interval: 100 bridges: br0: dhcp4: no addresses: [172.20.7.34/16] gateway4: 172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] interfaces: - bond0 br1: dhcp4: no addresses: [192.168.7.34/24] routes: - to: 172.20.0.0/16 via: 192.168.7.2 interfaces: - bond1 # netplan apply
三、 软件包管理
3.1 修改软件仓库地址
阿⾥云仓库地址:https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror 中科⼤:http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html 清华⼤学:https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/ 华为:https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ ###### 清华源配置 ###### Ubuntu 的软件源配置文件是 /etc/apt/sources.list。将系统自带的该文件做个备份,将该文件替换为下面内容,即可使用 TUNA 的软件源镜像。 # cd /etc/apt/ # cp -p sources.list sources.list.bak # vim sources.list # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度,如有需要可自行取消注释 deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse # 预发布软件源,不建议启用 # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # apt update #更新本地软件包列表索引,修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏ ###### 阿里源配置 ###### # sed -i 's/cn.archive.ubuntu/mirrors.aliyun/' /etc/apt/sources.list # apt update #更新本地软件包列表索引,修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏
3.2 apt工具使用
apt list #apt列出仓库软件包,等于yum list apt search NAME #搜索安装包 apt show apache2 #查看某个安装包的详细信息 apt install apache2 #在线安装软件包 apt remove apache2 #卸载单个软件包但是保留配置⽂件 apt autoremove apache2 #删除安装包并解决依赖关系 apt update #更新本地软件包列表索引,修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏ apt purge apache2 #卸载单个软件包删除配置⽂件 apt upgrade #升级所有已安装且可升级到新版本的软件包 apt full-upgrade #升级整个系统,必要时可以移除旧软件包。 apt edit-sources #编辑source源⽂件 apt-cache madison nginx #查看仓库中软件包有哪些版本可以安装 apt install nginx=1.14.0-0ubuntu1.6 #安装软件包的时候指定安装具体的版本
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